Essay on Abortion - 2903 Words

Abortion â€Å"Abortion is a procedure, either surgical or medical, to end a pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta from the uterus.† This definition (A.D.A.M., 2003) is a dry medical definition that lacks meaning. This paper attempts to apply meaning to this dry definition, and in doing so, will show the less known and less published side of abortion; the human side. A Brief History Archaeologists have recently uncovered Roman ruins that contain the evidence of aborted children, abandoned children, and children that were destroyed just after birth (infanticide); all of these bodies were recovered from a brothel. Fast forwarding a few hundred years, Thomas Aquinas wrote on the evils of abortion, and the moral†¦show more content†¦On January 22, 1973 the famous Roe vs. Wade case was decided, essentially legalizing abortion in the United States, and meant the death of millions of babies for years to come. This was a sad day in our nation’s history, and is known as the point of no return for many people. In this same year, the nation saw a rise in action groups that were concerned with the preservation of human life, from the â€Å"womb to the tomb,† or from the unborn to the elderly and aging. The 1980’s had similar legislation, which met with similar opposition. In late 1987 or early 1988, the first federally funded fetal tissue research facilities were formed, capitalizing on the death of the unborn, and was condemned by then president Regan. In the 1990’s we saw the introduction of RU-486, the abortion pill. Currently, we are seeing a reverse trend in America; the political opposition of the now common practice of abortion. The ban on the barbaric practice of partial-birth abortion has been passed. Minnesota, with the aid of Gov. Pawlenty, and Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life (MCCL) have passed a â€Å"right to know† act, calling for the education on abortion, prior to the mother receiving an abortion. The Problem Since the 1973 ruling on Roe vs. Wade, there have been over 35 million deaths (Heritage House, 1998). More death occurred in these 25 years than in all of the wars that the United States fought, combined. In fact, if you take the number of US casualties in all ofShow MoreRelatedAbortion : Abortion And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion Abortion is defined in several ways all of which stop a pregnancy. There are different ways of abortion, which are spontaneous abortion, surgical abortion, and medical abortion. Abortion has been arguable topic for decades. One can neither believe abortion to be good nor bad. The idea of individuality and human life is not quite the same. Idea of human life has come from conception; simultaneously on the other hand, fertilizer eggs used for in vitro fertilization are also human lives butRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesPaper: Abortion Laws The topic of abortion is a widely debated and very heated topic in Texas. The Republican party’s platform supports family values and are completely against abortion under any circumstances, including abortifacients. The Democrat party’s platform supports the rights for women to make choices about their own bodies. They support abortifacients and a person’s right to have an abortion. There is also a large percentage of those that are in the middle in that they believe abortion shouldRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States there are more than a billion abortions performed each year. Since the court case Roe vs Wade in 1973 more than 56 million babies have been murdered in the United States before they had the chance to take their first breath (Snyder, Michael). These statics along with many more show the huge injustice that is happening in the country I call home. Abortion is defined as the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. It can include any of variousRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Anti Abortion1624 Words   |  7 Pagesa very large controversy between the ideas about abortion and anti-abortion. Different religious views, beliefs, peoples many different customs and even people of different cultures all have their own preferences and ideas on the take of this political issue. Views against abortion can lead to as much of an impact as a violent/non violent riots outside of an abortion clinics, to something as simple article in the newspaper. The belief on abortion that leads to a lot of the controversy is that inRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages An abortion is when the pregnancy of a women is ended; it is called sometimes Termination of pregnancy. There are two types of abortion. The first type is the spontaneous abortion; it occurs within the first two months. What causes it is frequently unknown yet is probably the results of intra-uterine contamination, or limited attachment in the building unborn child to the interior coating walls in the womb (uterus). Such conditions this unborn child, if the idea advances further, mayRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion953 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates that is constantly talked about is abortion. When it comes to abortion, the laws vary depending on the state you live in. Whether people support or are against abortion, few actually know about the abortion process. Have you ever heard of suction aspiration or prostaglandin chemical abortion? Those are two of the various methods that are performed in the different trimesters of pregnancy. According to writer Steven Ertelt of Li feNews.com, Oklahoma’s abortion laws are restrictive compared to otherRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion1930 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion has been around for quite some time. Laws have been set allowing it and banning it during different periods of time. The procedures that can be done are all very different. There is a medical abortion involving drugs and there are surgical abortion involving a more invasive procedure. There are also different points of view on it. There are those who fully support the termination of a pregnancy and those who are completely against it. There are many factors to consider and very differentRead MoreAbortion And Abortion2038 Words   |  9 PagesMostly seen as a religious issue, abortions are anything but that. Biology and science are the only deciding factors when it comes down to it. Science is the only thing that can prove whether an unborn child is living; no religion can do that. Through modern science and technology, it has been proven and well documented that human life does in fact begin at conception. The scientific evidence also contradicted the court ruling in the Roe v. Wade case, where it was stated that the Court could notRead MoreAbortion : The Fight For Abortion1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough abortion was decriminalized in 1973, the fight for abortion rights did not end with Roe v. Wade. Just in the past three years, there have been systematic restrictions on abortion rights sweeping the country sate by state. In 2013, 22 states enacted 70 antiabortion measures, including pre-viability abortion bans, unnecessary doctor and clinic procedures, limits on medicated abortion, and bans on insurance coverage of abortion In 2011, 92 abortion restrictions were enacted, an in 2012, thatRead MoreAbortion : The Issue Of Abortion1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of abortion has been an ongoing debate for many years. According to ProChoice.org, abortion was legal in in the days of the early settlers . At the time that the constitution was adopted abortions were legal. Abortions were openly advertised and performed before the first fetal movement (13-16 weeks from the start of a women’s last period). The concern for abortion started in the late 1800’s when immigrants were coming into the country in large numbers and the fear was that they would produce

Social Justice System Of The Upper Class Essay - 1628 Words

Social justice is one of the fundamental factors that can make a community, society, or the entire country thrive. Counties that have any sort of social justice system even if it is not perfect are more stable than one who lack all forms of social justice system. It is very difficult to see social justice in most countries of the world due to the greediness of those who are in the upper class. This kind of behavior makes the others who are below the the upper class revolt against the regimes and their allies from the upper class who control almost everything within the country. Those who control almost everything describe the lower class as unpatriotic and the enemies who want to destroy the country. In Fact, the lower class are those who work hard to keep the life of the entire society move on forward, but they do not get what they deserve as hard workers due to injustice. Lack of social justice threatens the stability of countries around the globe, turmoils and chaos erupt, and peo ple die for the seek of dignity as human beings. The phenomenon of revolutions that can be caused due to injustice within societies can be contagious from country to another and the Arab Spring being an example. In that case we can not quietly say that the revolution that broke to achieve social justice goals was triumphed because what happen to come was the other face of the system that already existed. Even though there are challenges that the lower class faces in life while looking forShow MoreRelatedThe And Justice For All1743 Words   |  7 Pages With liberty and justice for all. These are the 6 words that conclude the pledge of allegiance of our United States. This is what our nation was built upon: liberty and justice. Justice is the just behavior (insert dictionary source here) or treatment that one may receive or give. To be just is to be fair and righteous and this righteousness is the quality of being morally right (insert dictionary source here). For someone to be shot in cold blood and the killer not have any consequenceRead MoreThe Impact of Social Class and Stratification1728 Words   |  7 PagesSkylar Freve Mr. Gompf Sociology 101 30 November, 2010 The Impact of Social Class/Stratification Stratification and the division of people into social classes is a fundamental part of American society. Stratification is a concept that is universal; it is found in every country, every nation of the world. It is a system in which large groups of people, not individuals, are divided into different layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige. Stratification appliesRead MoreOliver Twist: The Battle for Morality831 Words   |  3 Pagesmajor social conflicts and struggles between the rich, who hold positions of power, and the poor and working class who fight for economic justice. In addition, the book is representative of the need for moral values based on the author’s believe that people should not be oppressed, that every person deserves a chance. The story offers a contradiction central to bourgeois consciousness, which embraces conventional bourgeois ethics and demoralizes and suppresses the awareness of the harsh social realitiesRead MoreTheories of Deviance from the Conflict Perspective1465 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of Deviance: Conflict Theory Why are some people s behaviors more apt to be negatively labeled by the criminal justice system? Labeling theorists point to the role of moral entrepreneurs or social movements, but what about the forces that underlie a particular moral crusade? Why, for example, would American society want to criminalize the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages in the 1920s? Why the increased penalties for domestic violence in the 1970s, or the War onRead MoreConflict Theory : Conflict Criminology, And Sociology799 Words   |  4 Pagescriminologists began to study the social conditions of the U.S. which promoted class conflict and crime. This paper will discuss how conflict theory relates to both criminology and sociology, how politics play a role in conflict theory, and how politics influence crime rates of the lower class. Also, this paper will evaluate various sociological schools of crime causation. â€Å"Conflict theory is the view that human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict and those who maintain social power will use it to furtherRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagescriminal justice system affirmatively depends on inequalityquot; (5). Cole has substantial grounds for making this statement. Race and class have long been issues in the criminal justice system, but does the system quot;affirmatively depend on inequality?quot; Does the criminal justice system depend on the disparities of the people that it serves? American justice is supposed to be blind. Despite this there have been many disparities in the justice system due to racial, social class, and economicRead MoreGreat Expectations1110 Words   |  5 Pagesof characters to show Pip learning this lesson and to provide insights into various aspects of the Victorian era culture. Characters such as Joe and Magwitch provide an insight into the education and the crime and justice systems of Victorian England, along the importance of social class and wealth. Whilst, Estella and Miss Havisham provide an insight into the position of women and the inequality of power between the genders. Throughout the novel Pip encounters a range of people and undergoesRead MoreDealing with Social Ostracism in ‘The Doll’s House by Katherine Mansfield1235 Words   |  5 PagesAnyone who lived through high school gym class knows the desperation of being picked last for the sports team. The same hurt feelings bubble up when you are excluded from lunch with co-workers, fail to land the job interviewed for or are dumped by a romantic partner. Within a society, social classes are unavoidable. In the short story ‘The Doll’s House’, the author, Katherine Mansfield examines the difficulties dealing with class-consciousness and social ostracism in this society, also the influenceRead MoreBook Review of Sandal1245 Words   |  5 PagesIn Justice: Whats the Right Thing to Do? (2009), Michael J. Sandal argues that politics and society require a common moral purpose beyond the assertion of natural rights like life liberty and property or the utilitarian ca lculus of increasing pleasure and minimizing pain for the greatest number of people. He would move beyond both John Locke and Jeremy Bentham in asserting that a just society cant be achieved simply by maximizing utility or by securing freedom of choice (Sandal 261). Justice andRead MoreThe Divide : American Injustice1247 Words   |  5 PagesThe American justice system is divided between the wealthy and those from low socioeconomic backgrounds. A system that has been systematically built to favor wealthy Americans and punish poor Americans, as suggested in Matt Taibbi’s book â€Å"The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealthy Gap†. Meanwhile, poor Americans, specifically people of color, face punishment far beyond crime allegedly committed. In the following paragraphs, we will explore the root causes behind systematic forces that

Auditing challenging fair value measurement - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Auditing challenging fair value measurement. Answer: Introduction The globally known and publicized series of the financial scandals that had occurred in the last few years have effectively eroded the public trust in regards to the audit process of the corporate bodies. The gradually increasing mistrust has led to the public, doubting the role of the auditors carrying out such evaluating procedures. This is because the primary duty of a public auditor lies in acting, in the interest of the public, thus safeguarding the public welfare. The series of auditing scandals that have taken place has led to the public, question the ethics of the auditor. In fact the trust placed in the accuracy of services provided by the auditors has also been hampered. The importance of the ethical considerations in the profession of auditing has increased over the years mainly due to these frequent financial scandals. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has also developed a professional code of ethics for the auditors. This has been done in order to regula te the ethical considerations involved in the profession of auditing. In spite of such initiatives taken, the occurrence of the auditing scandals has not decreased in number (Pearce 2016). This study particularly aims to focus on this particular topic of accounting scandals and the initiatives taken by the accounting professional bodies like ICAEW, ACCA, ICAS and CIMA and the big four auditing firms like PWC, KPMG, Deloitte and EY for improving the reputation of the audit. In order to achieve such an outcome the particular investigation by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) of the audit proceedings by KPMG of British giant, Rolls Royce has been analyzed. The issues that led to the occurrence of such a particular auditing scandal and the recommendations for mitigating such financial scandals have also been discussed in this study. KPMG Audit Plcs audit of Rolls-Royce Group The conglomerate Rolls-Royce had already been alleged in the year of 2010, for paying a huge amount of fine (671 million) to the Serious Fraud Office. The luxury car company did admit to a number of corruption charges that involved falsifying accounts, interference with the ongoing investigations and payments in tens of millions of pounds to win the ownership of the contracts in Indonesia, Thailand, Russia and China (Arruda de Almeida and Zagaris 2015). KPMG has been the sole firm responsible for carrying out the audits of Rolls-Royce. The investigation by the Financial Reporting Council has been executed in relation to the financial statements of the Rolls-Royce Group plc for the year ended 31 December 2010 and the Rolls-Royce holdings plc for the financial years of 2011, 2012 and 2013. This investigation had been carried out as a result of the Senior Fraud Office announcement on 17th January, 2017 that a Deferred Prosecution Agreement between the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) and the Rolls-Royce plc has been agreed (Mayer 2017). A DPA is a statutory means with the help of which a corporate entity will have gained the authority to appear to a court for conduct without suffering the complete consequences of a criminal conviction that might result in restriction of the firm for competing for public contracts. The particular event that led to the requirement of a DPA was the scandal that had taken place in the year of 2010. The corruption charges that the leading automaker company was accused of ranged back for more than over twenty years. Rolls-Royce has been bribing hugely for gaining the ownerships illegally. The British giant has been adopting such unethical and illegal practices since 1989 till 2013 (Tombs and Whyte 2015). An instance of the cases against which the investigations are carried out is that the $100 million order for the supply of Trent 700 jet engines to Indonesias Garuda airline in the year of 1991. The Indonesian deal had been a well known deal for Rolls-Royce. The general estimation that th e engines that were to be selected belonged to the US rival Pratt Whitney. However, the deal was overruled in favor of the Rolls-Royce Group. Even proper evidence had been recorded in support of the unethical action committed by the company. Senior officials at the Rolls Royce did agree to the payment of $2.25 million along with a Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit car that was rewarded to an agent for the sale of Trent 700 engines to Garuda (KISS, FLP and CORDO? 2015). It had been further recorded that the employees of the Rolls-Royce were charged with the payment of $2.2 million to the executives of Air Asia for winning the ownership of sales orders. The company had admitted to a total of seven counts of conspiracy in terms of corruption and five cases in regards to failure to prevent bribery. Furthermore, the company had also engaged itself in the payment of bribes of a total amount of $36.3 million to the agents of Thai Airways for securing orders (Nomoto 2016). There have been similar instances of such illegal operations in Germany, India and China. As a consequence, the company had received two profit warnings and had applied for a DPA so that the company would not be criminally convicted. As it can be concluded from the above instances the major offences, against which the company had been charged guilty, are payment of bribes, receiving bribes, the bribery of foreign public officials and the failure of a commercial organization to prevent bribery. Issues that potentially led to the scandal The issues that led to the unlawful conduct of the leading automaker company involved the inappropriate or unethical use of the third-party intermediaries (TPIs). TPIs include people from the category of agents like distributors, brokers, government intermediaries and resellers. Therefore, the unethical proceedings by Roll-Royce had occurred due to the close associations with the suppliers, customers or the public officials and making improper offers to them for securing orders or obtaining favoritism (Bingham and Druker 2017). Now, the particular causes for the occurrence of a financial scandal may be numerous. For instance, the lack of transparency in the financial transactions or the existence of a poor structure of internal control within the organization may be the potential reasons for the occurrence of a financial fraud. Moreover, the lack of independent audit department in the organization might also lead to fraudulent occurring. In case of Rolls-Royce the company had also revealed that its civil aerospace unit would have made an operating loss instead of an 800 million pound profit, if the company had used a different accounting method. The operating profit of the group would be two-fifth of what had already been reported in the annual report. This clearly indicates that the accounting practices followed by the automaker are complicated and difficult to comprehend which has effectively helped in the process of executing the fraudulent activities (Bowman 2014). Furthermore, the issue that is coming up from the above discussions is that the auditing evaluations of the accounting as well as the internal operating procedures of the organization have not been conducted properly. The primary duty of an auditor lies in making sure that the business operations that are carried out by a particular firm are genuine and reflects a true and fair view of the financial condition of the company. However, in case of the British giant, Rolls-Royce that primary perspective of audit has been effectively hampered. Thus, to be very particular the issue that led to the financial scandal in Rolls-Royce was an instance of audit capability. This means that the audit carried out by the particular auditing firm is not appropriate as it is not looking into the proper areas or is not conducting the auditing evaluations in accordance to the analysis framework established by the regulating bodies (Carr and Jago 2014). In case of Rolls-Royce the audit had been conducted by one of the big four firms that is KPMG. However, the exposure of the financial scandal carried out by the company has questioned the audit carried out by KPMG over the years. The Financial Reporting Council has thus launched an investigation into the audit of Rolls-Royce by KPMG. Though KPMG had taken enough initiative and it would be unfair to blame an audit firm for the misconduct of their client, KPMG has failed to ensure its primary duty that is to ensure the welfare of the public who are in this case the employees of the organization, the stakeholders and the luxury car makers whose reputation had been at stake due to the unethical deeds carried out by Rolls-Royce. In the annual report of Rolls-Royce for the financial year of 2014, KPMG had indicated that the company had made use of estimations and assumptions that resulted in mildly cautious profit recognition (Soh, Leung and Leong 2015). However, the audit firm should have been much stricter and should have delved into the issue further, highlighting the fraudulent operations carried out by the corporate body. The audit firm in a 2013 report had also mentioned that the company was at risk of bribery, but again did not delve further into the issue. In support of the perspective that the accounting scandal was a result of lack of audit capability, the FRC while conducting the investigation had reported that the audit proceedings were deficient in nature (William, Glover and Prawitt 2016). Therefore, the fact that can be summarized from the above discussion is that accounting scandal that had been carried out by the leading automaker company was a result of lack of audit capability. Initiatives taken by the regulating bodies One of the international regulating bodies like the ICAEW has established an entire new reporting model for the purpose of mitigating the occurrence of accounting scandals. The new reporting model effectively promotes the communication of the business proceedings to the investors and other stakeholders of business at regular intervals. The new reporting model also establishes a transparency in reporting the business proceedings. ICAEW believes in the fact that the ongoing financial scandals have led to a huge gap between what is being audited and what the public believe should be audited (Cannon and Bedard 2016). The regulating body acknowledges the requirement of an enhanced corporate reporting and a greater degree of assurance. Thus, the potential solution lies in the fact that the corporate reporting has to improve qualitatively. The new reporting model not only promotes transparency but also mandates the preparation of a sustainability report that effectively should disclose all the information that concerns the stakeholders. Even the materiality issues should also be disclosed in order to ensure the report reflects the true and fair view of the company (Soh, Leung and Leong 2015). ACCA on the other hand, has identified the reasons of lack of audit capability like the lack of human resources as a result of high talent attrition rate, lack of focus on the audit quality and inability to understand the business carried out by the client. ACCA recommends the development of solutions by the proper collection of audit evidence and adopting an honest approach while preparing the audit report for the client (Masztalerz 2014). The ICAS or FRC that had played the major role in launching an investigation behind the auditing proceedings carried out by KPMG in case of Rolls-Royce has developed strict guidelines in achieving the objective of less frequent accounting scandals. After the occurrence of the Rolls-Royce accounting scandal, the FRC did make a mandatory rule that an organization is required to change the auditing firm carrying out its annual audit in every ten years. This is another potential solution that may be applicable in the case of Rolls-Royce. The auditing firm, KPMG had been associated with Rolls-Royce for a period of 25 years. This might have led to the development of personal relationship between the firm and the company, on account of which they adopted a lenient approach towards auditing the British giant (Dewing and Russell 2015). The global body CIMA aims to develop a risk prevention framework that consists of four major components prevention, detection, deterrence and response. The regulating body also states that maintenance of high ethical standards in regards to business operations also reap long term benefits not only to the stakeholders but also to the company as well (Knechel and Salterio 2016). The particular solution in case of the Rolls-Royce accounting scandal The particular solution in regards to the Rolls-Royce financial scandal is that the auditing process should be conducted following a particular framework. It is the primary duty of the organization to maintain the highest standards of integrity while dealing in business operations. However, when the case is not such, the auditor must step in and point out the particular areas of doubt. In case of Rolls-Royce, the fraud was not just limited to a handful of rogue employees but the senior management was also involved in paying and receiving bribes. This should have been noted by KPMG and allegedly reported. The reasons KPMG failed to do so was lack of auditing capabilities. The firm being attached to its client for more than 20 years made the audit team to blindly believe in the integrity standards of the conglomerate. Thus, this evidently indicates that audit rotation in regards to the firm is also necessary. However, the fact that the foremost should be adhered to is the strict follow ing of the audit principles as laid down by the regulating bodies. The corporate bodies should also adhere to the corporate reporting standards established by the regulatory boards. Conclusion Thus, as can be concluded from the above discussions, in spite of the trust issues between the public and the audit firms, the compliance to the solutions or amendments established by the regulating bodies will certainly improve the future of the profession. The corporate bodies have to understand that adopting fraudulent techniques will definitely harm the business in the long run. Therefore, the maintenance of ethical standards will make the work of the auditors easy and in turn ascertain and promote transparent business operations. References and Bibliography Alles, M.G., 2015. Drivers of the Use and Facilitators and Obstacles of the Evolution of Big Data by the Audit Profession. Accounting Horizons, 29(2), pp.439-449. Arruda de Almeida, M. and Zagaris, B., 2015. Political Capture in the Petrobus Corruption Scandal: The Sad Tale of an Oil Giant. Fletcher F. World Aff., 39, p.87. Backof, A., Bowlin, K. and Goodson, B., 2017. The impact of proposed changes to the content of the audit report on jurors assessments of auditor negligence. Bingham, C. and Druker, J., 2017. Acting With Integrity Across The World? What Do Multinationals Say About Labour Standards?. Bowman, C., 2014. When are Executives Paid Too Much?. Byrnes, P.E., Al-Awadhi, C.A., Gullvist, B., Brown-Liburd, H., Teeter, C.R., Warren Jr, J.D. and Vasarhelyi, M., 2015. Evolution of auditing: from the traditional approach to the future audit. Audit Analytics, 71. Cannon, N.H. and Bedard, J.C., 2016. Auditing challenging fair value measurements: Evidence from the field. The Accounting Review, 92(4), pp.81-114. Carr, I.M. and Jago, R., 2014. Corruption, Money Laundering, Secrecy and Societal Responsibility of Banks. Christensen, B.E., Glover, S.M., Omer, T.C. and Shelley, M.K., 2016. Understanding audit quality: Insights from audit professionals and investors. Contemporary Accounting Research, 33(4), pp.1648-1684. Dewing, I.P. and Russell, P.O., 2015. Audit, Supervision and Risk in Financial Services. ICAS. KISS, C., FLP, M.T. and CORDO?, G.S., 2015. Relevant Aspects Regarding the Changes of the Statutory Audit Report in the Light of International Regulations. Audit Financiar, 13(126). Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E., 2016. Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Kogan, A., Alles, M.G., Vasarhelyi, M.A. and Wu, J., 2014. Design and evaluation of a continuous data level auditing system. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 33(4), pp.221-245. Masztalerz, M., 2014. Global Management Accounting Principles-Emperor's New Clothes. Research Papers of Wroc?aw University of Economics, (345). Mayer, C., 2017. Whose Responsible for Irresponsible Business? An Assessment. Nomoto, S., 2016, September. Product planning and innovative developments from the perspective of anticipated market trends in the coming years: An analytical approach based on machine tools developed for auto manufacturers. In Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 2016 Portland International Conference on (pp. 2549-2562). IEEE. Pearce, B., 2016. Gatsbys Rolls-Royce: reflections on the automobile and literature. English Academy Review, 33(2), pp.52-67. Soh, D.S., Leung, P. and Leong, S., 2015. The development of integrated reporting and the role of the accounting and auditing profession. In Social Audit Regulation (pp. 33-57). Springer International Publishing. Tombs, S. and Whyte, D., 2015. Introduction to the Special Issue on Crimes of the Powerful. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 54(1), pp.1-7. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016. Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education.

Endogeneity In Accounting Finance Research â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Endogeneity In Accounting Finance Research? Answer: Introducation: The methods and the techniques for the purpose of capital budgeting is inclusive of numerous processes for the description and the projection of the cases. With the help of the tables provided in the above requirement, the Net Present Value (NPV) tool has been employed for predicting the future cash outflow of the project under consideration (Beekes et al., 2015). The other techniques that are available for use are the aggregate rate of return and payback period in order to estimate the challenges that are interlinked with the project. After the examination of the tables constructed above, it can be depicted that the NPV of the project has been positive and the profitability index of the project under consideration accounts to 191.89%. The observation of a positive NPV explains that the project is possible and the firm should undertake the outlay operations of the business. The cost benefit ratio of the associated plan is constructed with the assistance of the profitability index, which has been 191.89%, which proposes that the NPV of the future cash flow is more than the primary outlay value that has been paid by the company. The other data in accordance to the approval and refusal of the project can be constructed by taking assistance of the incorporation of the other techniques of capital budgeting that includes the payback period and the aggregate rate of return (Gitman et al., 2015). The financial declaration has been computed so that knowledge about APN Outdoor Groups structure of capital can be known. The company has been known to be an ASX listed organization. The declaration has depicted that the calculation of the WACC and the examination of the critical financial ratios of the company. Evaluation of the Capital Structure of APN The WACC of APN has been 8.32% and an additional amount of $181.8 of equity has been established by the firm in 2016 in order to establish an innovative capital framework. The firm has the intention of lowering the cost of capital with the assistance of the preservation of the ideal capital framework. By taking help of the examination of the annual financial report, it is cited that during the accounting year of 2016, the debt capital proportion in the structure has fallen. APNs cost of capital can fall further by increasing the debt proportion value in their capital structure. The factor has been the equity capital that has been issued and he interest bearing liabilities has fallen in the present year (McKay, and Haque 2016). Hence, for conclusion it is depicted that value of equity has stayed at 38.1 in the current year and the debt capital overall value has accounted to 27.61. Computation of After-Tax WACC APNs net operating cash has reduced for the last three years and the per share earnings of the company has been lower by 19% than the target of the present strategies and the amount has accounted to 0.29 in the current year. The earnings per share have reduced to 31.4 in the year 2016 and this value has been lower than the previous year value of 44.4. The price earnings ratio has been found to be 16.92 in 2017. The assessment of the liquidity scenario of the company has been understood by looking at the values of ratios of cash, quick and current (Ali, 2016). The cash ratio has been 0.38; current ratio has been 1.90 while the quick ratio has been 1.89. On the other hand, the interest coverage ratio has accounted to 25.96 and the debt to asset ratio valuing at 0.23. APN Outdoor and the performance of their competitors Ooh Media has been one of the key competitors of APN. The capital framework of the firm is mingling of the equity and loans. The capital equity amount rises with the company loans and therefore it can be defined that the capital structure of APN is a mixture of the debt and capital. There has been a transition in the capital framework of APN for the past three years and they have been based on the equity financing loan (Unda, 2015). Therefore, it can be said that the capital framework of the organizations is a mixture of financing their assets (Sivathaasan, 2016). APN has obtained an effective cash flow that aids in funding the projects and establishes favourable earnings to the shareholders. Capital Structure of APN Outdoor Group APNs capital structure is a mixture of equity and debt with the idea of funding the asset. The cost of capital is the rate of return that is predicted by the company on the revenue over the capital as an alternate amount of investment with the existence of risk. (Gallagher et al., 2015) The transitions on the capital framework have a straight effect on the WACC. Thus, to increase the market value, it is vital for the firm to reduce their cost of capital. The cost of capital of a company can be declined with the assistance of redeveloping their capital framework and it is to be scrutinised that the cost of capital does not exceed the anticipated return rate. The cost of capital being lower would make funding in the new projects more reasonable (Gippel et al., 2015). Conclusion After the evaluation of the above case study, it can be depicted that the capital framework of APN comprises of debts and equity, they have been providing feasible returns to the shareholders and hence provides increased dividends to their stakeholders. The revenue and the returns before interest and tax of the firm have undergone an upward movement that has help in establishing feasible returns to the stakeholders. Reference List Ali, S. (2016). Corporate governance and stock liquidity in Australia: A pitch.Jo Beekes, W., Brown, P., Zhang, Q. (2015). 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